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Home • Company • Proxy Information Proxy Information Safran Federal Systems operates as a proxy-regulated company, Free of Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence (FOCI). Company and Proxy Overview Headquartered in Rochester, NY, Safran Federal Systems serves the defense, federal, and commercial markets with innovative assured positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions for the ground tactical, airborne, maritime, and security domains. Safran Federal Systems is composed of two businesses, Orolia Government Systems, Inc. (CAGE 826V3) focusing on Assured PNT Technologies, and Talen-X, Inc. (CAGE 7NK54) focused on PNT Simulation and PNT Interference, Detection and Mitigation (IDM) Technologies. Safran Federal Systems is a subsidiary of Safran, an international high-technology group operating in the aviation, defense and space markets. Safran has a global presence, with 83,000 employees and sales of 19.0 billion euros in 2022, and holds, alone or in partnership, world or regional leadership positions in its core markets. Safran Federal Systems operates as a proxy-regulated company, Free of Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence (FOCI). In order to mitigate potential FOCI, Safran, in concert with Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA) agreed to a comprehensive series of stipulations and requirements known as a Proxy Agreement (the strongest mechanism for FOCI mitigation). As such, Safran Federal Systems is approved to work on the full spectrum of US Government classified and unclassified projects, and is positioned to support strategic partnerships in the development of key PNT technologies for the defense market. Companies under Proxy Agreements, such as Safran Federal Systems, are regarded as U.S.-owned companies for purposes of facility clearances and access to classified information. In accordance with National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual paragraph 2-303b, there are no restrictions on such a company's eligibility to have access to classified information or to compete for classified contracts. A Proxy Agreement places the voting rights of the stock or ownership interest into the hands of cleared U.S. citizens who are approved by the Federal Government. Under this arrangement, the foreign owner relinquishes control of the cleared facility and the foreign ownership, control and influence is negated. Additional information can be requested from the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (www.dss.mil ). Announcement of Orolia Defense & Security becoming Safran Federal Systems Dear Customers and Partners, I am excited to announce that we have started the transition of our company name and branding from Orolia Defense & Security to Safran Federal Systems . All the Orolia Defense & Security businesses, including Orolia Government Systems and Talen-X , will transition to the new brand name over the next 6 months. Our organization, leadership team, employees and facilities are all staying the same but most importantly, our commitment to you continues to be our primary focus. As you may recall from my previous letters, Safran completed its acquisition of the Orolia group after a negotiation process and a U.S. Government regulatory approval in July 2022. Safran is an international high-tech group headquartered in France, operating in the aviation (propulsion, equipment and interiors), defense and space markets. Safran has a global presence, with over 83,000 employees worldwide and sales of 19.0 billion euros in 2022 including more than 10,000 employees in the United States. Safran is also the third largest inertial navigation technology manufacturer in the world. Safran Federal Systems will continue to operate Free of Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence (FOCI). Control of the business will remain unchanged and in the hands of independent cleared U.S. citizens under the approval of the U.S. Government. Thank you for the tremendous support you have shown us as a valued customer and partner. We are continuing our journey to bring you ever more Resilient PNT solutions on top of our industry-leading products and technology. ​ Sincerely, ​ ​ ​ Hironori Sasaki President - Safran Federal Systems DOWNLOAD PDF Announcement of ODS becoming SFS Aquisiton Announcement Announcement of Safran Acquisition Dear Customers and Partners, I am excited to announce that Safran has completed its acquisition of the Orolia group after a negotiation process and a U.S. Government regulatory approval process that began in December 2021. Safran is an international high-tech group headquartered in France, operating in the aviation (propulsion, equipment and interiors), defense and space markets. Safran has a global presence, with 76,800 employees and sales of 15.3 billion euros in 2021 including more than 10,000 employees in the United States. Safran is also the third largest inertial navigation technology manufacturer in the world. The acquisition represents a unique opportunity for Safran and the Orolia group to extend their Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) solutions globally. The Orolia portfolio complements the Safran navigation product line and Safran intends to accelerate the development of the Orolia group under our current leadership. The acquisition by Safran marks an investment in the growth of our already successful PNT portfolio. Orolia Defense & Security (ODS) , a division of the Orolia group, along with our wholly-owned subsidiaries Talen-X Inc. and Orolia Government Systems Inc. (OGSI) will continue to operate Free of Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence (FOCI). The acquisition represents a change of ownership for the Orolia group but control of ODS will remain unchanged and in the hands of independent cleared U.S. citizens under the approval of the U.S. Government. Thank you for the tremendous support you have shown us as a valued ODS customer and partner. We are continuing our journey to bring you ever more Resilient PNT solutions on top of our industry-leading products and technology. I am excited about this next step in our evolution, and we remain committed to ensuring your success and the success of our warfighters. ​ Sincerely, ​ ​ ​ Hironori Sasaki President - Orolia Defense & Security DOWNLOAD PDF View Data Outputs ✔ Average # of SVs Used ✔ Average # of SVs Locked ✔ Average Position Error ✔ Average Velocity Error ✔ Average Pulse Error ✔ Average Date ✔ Percent Frames Received ✔ Percent < Threshold ✔ Percent of Time Fixed ✔ Percent of Frames Fixed ✔ Time of First Fix ✔ Time of First Loss ✔ Time of Last Fix

Home • Products • Assured PNT • SecureSync SecureSync Time & Frequency Reference System SecureSync PRODUCT | ASSURED PNT Timing Signals 10 MHz Sine Output, BNC Network Services NTP v2, v3, v4 SNTP v3, v4 PTP v2 Security Features SSL/SSH TLS v1.2, v1.3 SFTP/SCP SNMP v3 GNSS Frequencies GPS L1, Galileo E1, GLONASS L1, BeiDou B1, QZSS L1 ANY QUESTIONS? GET QUOTE About Resilient Timing depends on securing the time reference acquisition and timescale keeping, in the face of GNSS interference. Government recommendations, like the Executive Order in the US or the Cybersecurity Act in European Union, pave the way for future regulations in this domain. ​ The SecureSync product ecosystem offers a number of solutions to address GNSS threats. With a layered-defense approach, each protective layer increases the sophistication required to compromise, minimizing chances for successful attack. ​ SecureSync relies on the proven Interference Detection Suite, allowing jamming and spoofing detection. Threats are mitigated by highperformance internal oscillators, or through strong modularity and choice of input interfaces, building redundancy into the timing system architecture. ​ Whatever your industry, there is a cost-effective SecureSync configuration that keeps your time distribution accurate and available. Option Module Cards Add only the features you need by selecting SecureSync® option cards. Up to six cards can be accommodated per unit. Order them as part of the original configuration, or add them to an installed unit to keep up the changing needs of your system. If you do not see a feature that you need, please contact us to discuss customizing a card. VIEW OPTION CARDS DATA SHEET Click to download the SecureSync data sheet. VIEW DATA SHEET

Home • Policies Policies We take our site's user experience seriously. It's important to know our policies, so take a look! View Data Outputs ✔ Average # of SVs Used ✔ Average # of SVs Locked ✔ Average Position Error ✔ Average Velocity Error ✔ Average Pulse Error ✔ Average Date ✔ Percent Frames Received ✔ Percent < Threshold ✔ Percent of Time Fixed ✔ Percent of Frames Fixed ✔ Time of First Fix ✔ Time of First Loss ✔ Time of Last Fix

Home • Products • GNSS Testing & Simulation GNSS Testing & Simulation Safran Federal Systems is a leading provider of advanced GNSS Testing & Simulation systems and tools for NAVWAR environments. Browse Simulators PRODUCT | The Skydel Simulation Engine Advanced GNSS Simulation Software Test a wide range of applications with advanced GNSS Simulators and helpful tools that generate basic scenarios all the way to complex threat environments, leveraging the power and scalability of the Skydel Simulation Engine. Skydel powers each of Orolia Defense & Security's advanced software-defined simulators including BroadSim, BroadSim Solo, BroadSim Anechoic and BroadSim Wavefront. THE SKYDEL SIMULATION ENGINE PRODUCT | BroadSim Test GNSS & PNT Sensors BroadSim simplifies advanced jamming and spoofing scenarios for Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) testing. It supports high dynamics, jamming, spoofing, alternative RF navigation, and encrypted military codes. Simultaneously simulate multiple constellations, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou, and SBAS. Boasting high-performing hardware, an innovative software engine, and an intuitive user interface, BroadSim is the ultimate testing solution. BROADSIM PRODUCT | BroadSim Solo Advanced Scenario Creation at Your Desk Bring advanced GNSS scenario creation to your desk and propel development cycles. Take advantage of software-defined benefits like the ability to simulate multiple constellations including AES M-Code, an intuitive user interface, high-dynamics, innovative features and ultra-low latency. BroadSim Solo's compact form factor fits nicely at your desk or workstation without taking over your space. BROADSIM SOLO PRODUCT | BroadSim Wavefront Test CRPA Electronics BroadSim Wavefront is designed for multi-element antenna testing like CRPA’s. Calibrate GNSS frequencies in a matter of seconds. Simulate spoofers, jammers, repeaters, and alternate PNT sensors with just a few clicks, and signals all-in-view. The system is scalable from 4-16 elements at 600+ signals per element and 1,000 Hz iteration rate, and maintains a phase coherence of 1° 1σ. ​ BROADSIM WAVEFRONT PRODUCT | BroadSim Anechoic Test Entire PNT Systems Accurately simulate real-world GNSS environments in your Anechoic Chamber. BroadSim Anechoic has 32 individual RF outputs enabling the system to drive 16 dual-frequency antennas, giving you complete signal control and high dynamic range. Features like automatic antenna mapping, automatic time delay calibration, and automatic power loss calibration cuts calibration times from days to minutes. BROADSIM ANECHOIC Browse GNSS Testing PRODUCT | Valiant 153M GB-GRAM/GB-GRAM-M Interface Card Validate your military receiver's performance with Valiant 153M. Designed to be nearly the same size as the GB-GRAM/M type I card, the test fixture allows simultaneous operation and testing of a commercial- off-the-shelf (COTS) receiver and a GB-GRAM/M, powered by a single USB mini cable. VALIANT 153M PRODUCT | Panacea Autonomous PNT Test Suite PANACEA is an autonomous GNSS performance and threat environment simulator system designed to control simulation hardware and collect data from up to 32 GNSS receivers simultaneously. PANACEA PRODUCT | Panacea Field Test Collect PVT Data Autonomously PANACEA Field Test (PANACEA FT) is a software tool that allows for easy data collection from multiple receivers in a real-world environment where the GNSS receivers are connected to an antenna. All the data is logged, time-stamped, and automatically compared to the configured truth source. PANACEA FIELD TEST PRODUCT | RxStudio Collect Real-Time Receiver Data RxStudio is an easy-to-use software platform that enables users to monitor and log GNSS receiver data in real-time. RxStudio was developed as a plug-and-play architecture compatible with over 100 GNSS receivers, outputting and logging receiver data in a common format. Support for new receivers is implemented on a regular basis. RXSTUDIO PRODUCT | Panorama Visually Analyze Receiver Data Panorama is the flagship tool for analyzing receiver data. You'll spend more time looking at plots and making decisions, instead of making plots and writing reports. Panorama takes receiver data and turns it into over 60 ready-to-view engineering plots. giving you the ability to view summary level data, head to head comparisons, receiver-specific results, and 3D LLA replays using STK. PANORAMA Ask An Expert Have a question about how to use your Skydel-powered system or a certain feature? Leverage Safran's online user community and get the answers you need. SKYDEL USER FORUMS

COMPANY ❯ CAREERS COVID- 19 Business Continuity Information Download This Information Orolia Defense & Security, LLC (81R74) and subsidiaries Orolia Government Systems, Inc. (826V3) | Talen-X, Inc. (7NK54) ​ Dear Valued Partner, ​ At OROLIA, our top priorities are the Health and Safety of our employees and those of our business partners, along with ensuring business operations continuity. At this time, we remain operational. To continue to maintain business operations, we have established a Business Continuity Planning Team with an initial focus on Employee Health Protection and Supply Chain Continuity. ​ OROLIA plays an essential role in the Defense Industrial Base (DIB) in the Critical Infrastructure Sector, supporting the critical missions of our customers in the United States, as defined in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Memorandum on Identification of Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers During COVID-19 Response and the DHS Guidance on the Essential Critical Infrastructure Workforce: Ensuring Community and National Resilience in COVID-19 Response ,[1] and further amplified in the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Sustainment) Memorandum to the Industrial Base on the DIB Critical Infrastructure Workforce .[2] The U.S. Government has recognized and identified the need to keep the DIB operating and as such, our facilities and businesses remain operational. ​ Following the guidance from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), we have implemented special rules and procedures to protect our employees by communicating health advisories, applying restrictions on travel, requiring employees who are able to work from home to do so, and for employees that must work in an office to abide by precautionary protocols to minimize health risks. ​ Our Sourcing and Supply Chain team has completed a supply‐chain disruption risk assessment to ensure that our suppliers can continue to serve our needs and provide uninterrupted service by securing materials and products. Currently, our Tier‐1 and Tier‐2 suppliers have adequate materials on hand to avoid disruptions. We are continuously monitoring our supply chain in terms of disruptions to transport of goods as well as manufacturing in order to react as proactively as possible. ​ We would like to thank you for your confidence in OROLIA and express our full commitment to continuing to support our customers, the DIB, the U.S. Department of Defense, and U.S. Federal Agencies. [1] DHS Memorandum and Guidance dated March 19, 2020. https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CISA-Guidance-on-Essential-Critical-Infrastructure-Workers-1-20-508c.pdf [2] Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Sustainment) Memorandum dated March 20, 2020. https://media.defense.gov/2020/Mar/22/2002268024/-1/-1/1/DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL-BASE-ESSENTIAL-CRITICAL-INFRASTRUCTURE-WORKFORCE-MEMO.PDF View Data Outputs ✔ Average # of SVs Used ✔ Average # of SVs Locked ✔ Average Position Error ✔ Average Velocity Error ✔ Average Pulse Error ✔ Average Date ✔ Percent Frames Received ✔ Percent < Threshold ✔ Percent of Time Fixed ✔ Percent of Frames Fixed ✔ Time of First Fix ✔ Time of First Loss ✔ Time of Last Fix

Home • Terms & Conditions Terms & Conditions If you are considering a purchase, it's important to be aware of our purchasing terms and conditions. PDF DOWNLOADS Special Terms & Conditions of Purchases - U.S. Defense Button General Terms & Conditions of Purchase Button General Terms & Conditions of Sale for the Orolia Group Button

Safran Federal Systems Your Assured PNT Mission Partner Safran Federal Systems provides assured positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions and custom engineering services to U.S. Government agencies, U.S. defense organizations, and their contractors. Safran is approved to work on the full spectrum of U.S. Government classified and unclassified projects and is positioned to support strategic partnerships in the development of key PNT technologies for the defense market. Safran helps customers succeed by designing the highest quality products at the best value, leveraging subject matter experts to provide unparalleled solutions, reducing cost, risk and schedule. Safran Federal Systems is a Top Workplace! LEARN MORE → OUR EXPERTISE GNSS Testing & Simulation GPS Jamming & Spoofing Detection Assured Positioning, Navigation & Timing (PNT) Inertial Navigation Custom Solutions INDUSTRY LEADING CAPABILITIES CRPA Testing Our CRPA testing solutions provide unrivaled scalability, phase-coherency and calibration, from testing entire PNT systems to antenna electronics. Discover why groups like the U.S. Air Force Guided Weapons Evaluation Facility trust us to support their test environment. M-Code Our M-Code PNT solutions support you during all phases of your mission, from testing and simulation to operating in the field. Discover why the world's most critical defense systems rely on us to provide M-Code. We are delivering today with no additional lead time. Search and Rescue Our signaling technology ensures safety in the most rugged and remote environments, with the world’s first Cospas-Sarsat certified second-generation capability. Discover why the U.S. Army chose us to produce beacons to meet their specific requirements. LEARN MORE LEARN MORE LEARN MORE Addressing Assured PNT Needs Through Open Standards Modernized systems require modernized technology. The adoption of open standards is a unified approach to addressing the needs of the air fighter today and for the future, where the benefits of Assured PNT can be realized and addressed... WHITE PAPER Elevate Your Career Safran Federal Systems is growing and in need of high-quality talent. We offer competitive salaries, benefits, and flexible positions. A creative environment and fun culture can be checked off your list! Think you have what it takes to be on our team? Apply today. VIEW OPEN ROLES REQUEST A QUOTE

Home • Applications • CRPA Testing CRPA Testing Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna Testing What is a CRPA? • Testing a CRPA • Anechoic • Wavefront • Videos • Documents What is a CRPA? The acronym stands for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna. CRPAs are designed to reduce the effects of RF interference or establish signals’ angle of arrival. Using multiple antenna elements, they minimize jamming signals, using null generation or null steering or maximize “truth” signals using beam forming or beam steering. ​ CRPAs are a very useful antenna system for platforms that need to operate in environments where jamming and interference are commonly present. For this reason, CRPAs are becoming increasingly common, particularly in the Defense sector. They are an extremely effective anti-jam/spoof solution, because they adapt dynamically in response to jamming or spoofing signals. WHAT IS A CRPA What Makes a CRPA? CRPAs begin with some sort of multi-element antenna, but the real magic happens within the antenna electronics, where the RF then proceeds downstream to the GPS receiver. These items can be connected to each other in-line or in a single enclosure. Single-enclosure antennas are sometimes called “integrated CRPAs”. Fundamentally, they work the same way. Ways to Test a CRPA Testing a CRPA prior to fielding is critical − especially in applications like defense, where the stakes are high. There are several test methods for testing CRPA antennas. You should evaluate these methods, their costs and suitability for the use case to ensure that your needs are fully met. Record Replay Realistic, actual recorded data – not generated. Unable to make changes, limited test cases. Difficult to find a suitable recording environment. To record threats, you have to go where threats are. GNSS Simulator Lowest cost option due to advances in technology. Previously very expensive and complex equipment. Innovation now allows us to do some cool things. Flexibility to cover multiple test cases quickly. Anechoic Chamber A complete anechoic chamber system, including simulation equipment and an actual physical chamber. Very expensive, high effort. Physical limitations and building standards. Several potential unknowns Field Testing Bring device out in the field Staged environment and generated threats. Facilitates tangible conditions. Costly: must employ event staff, obtain threat licenses. Little control as attendee. TESTING A CRPA BroadSim Anechoic The anechoic method is the only way to test an entire system as-is, because it allows testing of both the antenna and the antenna electronics integrated in a single package without modification. Still, it requires that the chamber be an optimal size to accommodate the device or system under test, and you could be limited by the antenna setup in the chamber. ​ Skydel auto-calibrates the system, maps the antennas, and is designed to streamline chamber setup and reduce the multiplication of hardware systems. Interference can be integrated with Skydel software or an external generator. ​ ​ VIEW PRODUCT ANECHOIC BroadSim Wavefront The wavefront method brings all signals for each antenna element to the antenna electronics via cables. It prioritizes the ability to have dynamic trajectories for the receiver and for the interference transmitter, which lets you do a great deal of testing. You can essentially model any scenario with an unlimited number of interferences. A wavefront system is packaged lab-ready. Although it doesn't test the antenna, the important part to test is the antenna electronics, making it a good solution for testing CRPAs. It is the lowest-cost option considering all the variables. Be aware of any limitations such as signals, jammers and spoofers, and scalability for future needs. Skydel Wavefront is scalable from two to sixteen elements, is phase coherent, performs real-time automated phase synchronization, and has built-in jamming and spoofing. VIEW PRODUCT WAVEFRONT Play Video Play Video 360 in 180: The Next Generation of CRPA Testing Reimagined for the User Play Video Play Video Generating Threats With BroadSim Wavefront Play Video Play Video The Next Generation of CRPA Testing Reimagined for the User VIDEOS Documents DOCUMENTS Want more info? Ask one of our experts. We'll respond within one business day. EMAIL US

RESOURCES ❯ JNC 2022 Thank you for visiting Orolia Defense & Security at JNC 2022 Hover over the product images below and click for more information! Don't see what you're looking for? Ask one of our representatives on the floor or email sales@oroliads.com To function properly, be sure your zoom is set to 100% Contact for More Info Say Hello If You See Us Hironori Sasaki President Tyler Hohman Director of Products Tim Erbes Technical Director David Garigen Director of Engineering Conrad Meyer Director, Business Development Michael Messina Sr. Key Account Manager Trevor Dougherty Key Account Manager Chuck Stoffer Senior Sales Manager Chris Kiedrowicz Sales Manager Don't Miss These Presentions SESSION D 1 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC STANDARDS IN DoD TIME TRANSFER AND DISSEMINATION Miniature Rubidium Atomic Clock based Highly Accurate Real-time Clock (HARTC) Brent Abbott, Joshua Willson, and Paul Myers, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Monday, Jun. 6, 2:50 p.m. Location: Ballroom D LEARN MORE → SESSION B 6 APPLICATION/IMPACT OF PNT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE HOMELAND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Anti Spoofing/Denied GNSS Redundant Multiple Oscillator System (MEODS) Joshua Willson, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Wednesday, Jun. 8, 9:35 a.m. Location: Ballroom B LEARN MORE → SESSION C 9 OPERATIONAL SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS Real-Time Simulation of Terrain Effects on Threat Signals for High Fidelity NAVWAR Testing Jaemin Powell, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 11:15 a.m. Location: Ballroom C LEARN MORE → SESSION A 10 COMPLEMENTARY PNT: NAVIGATION BY CELESTIAL OBJECTS 2 Celestial Navigation Aided by Artificial Stars Paul E. Myers, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 3:05 p.m. Location: Ballroom A LEARN MORE → SESSION B 10 MULTI-GNSS RECEIVERS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS Leveraging Multiple GNSS Receivers to Identify and Mitigate Threats Nicholas Newhart, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 3:45 p.m. Location: Ballroom B LEARN MORE → SESSION C 10 MODELING AND SIMULATION 3 Reducing Development Time and Cost of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) through Sensor Modeling Aquil Sheikh, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 3:45 p.m. Location: Ballroom C LEARN MORE →

Home • Support • Software Releases Software Releases Access all the information you need about your product, and upgrade to new releases when they become available. Only verifiable customers with an active license for BroadSim, BroadSense, PANACEA, or RxStudio c an access release notes and user documentation via ownCloud. ​ IMPORTANT: For inquiries related to SecureSync or other product lines, please reach out through the form on our support page . Sign In Now Have an account and forgot your username or password? Please contact support@safranFS.com . Are you a user with an active license for BroadSim, BroadSense, PANACEA, or RxStudio, and need an account? Request one below.

RESOURCES ❯ JNC 2022 Visit Orolia Defense & Security at JNC 2022 JUNE 6–9 | SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Hover over the product images below and click for more information! Don't see what you're looking for? Email your inquiry to sales@oroliads.com To function properly, be sure your zoom is set to 100% Contact for More Info Say Hello at Booth #411 Hironori Sasaki President Tyler Hohman Director of Products Tim Erbes Technical Director David Garigen Director of Engineering Conrad Meyer Director, Business Development Michael Messina Sr. Key Account Manager Trevor Dougherty Key Account Manager Chuck Stoffer Senior Sales Manager Chris Kiedrowicz Sales Manager Request a Private Meeting Looking for a more comfortable setting? Sit down with us in our convenient private meeting space to discuss your interests or receive an in-person demo for you or your small group. Don't Miss These Presentions SESSION D 1 APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC STANDARDS IN DoD TIME TRANSFER AND DISSEMINATION Miniature Rubidium Atomic Clock based Highly Accurate Real-time Clock (HARTC) Brent Abbott, Joshua Willson, and Paul Myers, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Monday, Jun. 6, 2:50 p.m. Location: Ballroom D LEARN MORE → SESSION B 6 APPLICATION/IMPACT OF PNT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE HOMELAND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Anti Spoofing/Denied GNSS Redundant Multiple Oscillator System (MEODS) Joshua Willson, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Wednesday, Jun. 8, 9:35 a.m. Location: Ballroom B LEARN MORE → SESSION C 9 OPERATIONAL SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS Real-Time Simulation of Terrain Effects on Threat Signals for High Fidelity NAVWAR Testing Jaemin Powell, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 11:15 a.m. Location: Ballroom C LEARN MORE → SESSION A 10 COMPLEMENTARY PNT: NAVIGATION BY CELESTIAL OBJECTS 2 Celestial Navigation Aided by Artificial Stars Paul E. Myers, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 3:05 p.m. Location: Ballroom A LEARN MORE → SESSION B 10 MULTI-GNSS RECEIVERS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS Leveraging Multiple GNSS Receivers to Identify and Mitigate Threats Nicholas Newhart, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 3:45 p.m. Location: Ballroom B LEARN MORE → SESSION C 10 MODELING AND SIMULATION 3 Reducing Development Time and Cost of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) through Sensor Modeling Aquil Sheikh, Orolia Defense & Security Date/Time: Thursday, Jun. 9, 3:45 p.m. Location: Ballroom C LEARN MORE →

Addressing Assured PNT needs through Open Standards DOWNLOAD PDF By Brent Abbott Executive Summary With all military services actively focused on modernizing system capabilities and bringing the latest enhanced capabilities to the warfighter, Orolia continues to align our capabilities to include the integration of Military Code (M-Code) and advanced sensors to maintain trusted and assured PNT data even in a GPS denied and/or threatened environment. The benefits of assured PNT can be realized and addressed through the adoption of open standards. Section 1 of this document describes the need for assured PNT in any modernized system. Section 2 describes the adoption of open system architectures and its impact on process and business rules. Section 3 describes the adoption of SOSA and FACE and the impacts on competition generation. Section 4 covers the ability of the Air Force to rapidly innovate and plan. This document is intended to guide engineering staff, integrators, and decision makers in recognizing the need for assured PNT in modernized systems. The adoption of open standard elements leads to improvements in technical performance and sustainment of systems through the use of assured PNT in modernized systems. Section 1 - Assured PNT backbone Assured PNT is more than just beneficial. It is an integral part to any system as the basis of assured position, navigation and timing needed to maintain system operability. Position and navigation are required to update the warfighter with critical, real-time accurate location that can be used to act and react as necessary. Timing, arguably the most critical piece, ensures that the combination of system components operate at the highest capacity possible. Maintaining high operational performance is paramount to warfighter safety and success. Achieving and maintaining high operational performance is not an easy task. With each new mission, the environment will have an impact on the PNT solution used to drive system performance. Maintaining the integrity and trust of the PNT solution is of the utmost importance. For example, a simple delay in time of 1 millisecond or more can cause the navigation solution derived from an inertial navigation solution to diverge and provide incorrect position and velocity information. Likewise, the same millisecond (or even microsecond) inaccuracy in time can and will impact the integrity of a radar, EW, or SIGINT system. The need for resiliency is there. The need for a system that the warfighter can reliably trust is there. Through SOSA and FACE, Orolia provides a means for an Assured PNT that can protect, detect, and mitigate the impacts of emerging threats. Figure 1: The importance of integrity in Assured PNT With all military services actively focused on modernizing PNT and bringing the latest enhanced capabilities to the warfighter, vendors and government continue to align capabilities to include the integration of new technologies such as Military Code (M-Code) and advanced sensors to maintain trusted and Assured PNT data even in a GPS denied and/or threatened environment. The A-PNT solution must be layered. These PNT capabilities can be incorporated into an open standard architecture that allows for modular upgrades to any fielded platform. Alignment with an open standard makes this possible. Remaining agnostic to the platform allows for streamlined integration based on mission requirements. Figure 2: The layers of protection in a Resilient PNT solution The most versatile assured PNT card utilizes a layered approach. A timing reference with performance characteristics tailored to the system. A GPS or GNSS reference that can be hardened, easily updated, secure, and encrypted. An integrated sensor fusion platform capable of quick, seamless integration of new sensor and technologies to address emerging needs. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) that can provide high fidelity measurements in at least 6 degrees of freedom. Alternate assured PNT sources, such as odometry and RF signals, that are available and can be coupled and IMU and timing reference to provide reliable data even through GPS degraded and denied environments. A jamming and spoofing detection and mitigation platform, such as BroadShield, that provides integrity monitoring and statistical information both used in the sensor fusion platform as well as provided to other systems through a standard distribution interface. PNT distribution over a standardized data interface allowing for assured PNT distribution across cards. An A-PNT solution is backed by a solid foundation of sensors that play a large role in the performance of the navigation and timing solution. This solid foundation is built around two core competencies - timing and position. For timing, this can be an Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) up to miniaturized rubidium oscillators (mRO) and chip scale atomic clocks (CSAC). There are trade-offs that should be considered by a system designer which will determine which timing reference to use. Two of these items, phase noise and stability, are important for different reasons. Phase Noise – Phase noise is the noise generated from the rapid, short-term fluctuations in the phase (frequency) of the timing reference. These fluctuations spread the power of the signal to adjacent frequencies, causing noise and interference. In systems where the frequency reference is used to send and receive signals, the impacts may be viewed as amplitude variations of received signals, channel interference, and random rotations of received signals. Phase noise is unavoidable, but the impacts of phase noise can be mitigated by choosing low phase noise timing references. Stability – Stability can be ability for the timing reference to transmit at the designated frequency for the entire life of the device without any deviation. Short-term stability, frequency accuracy, and aging are important for signal integrity and co-channel interference. In systems that require very accurate frequencies with little drift or accurate phase coherence may look for stable timing references. Phase Noise and stability are important criteria to take into consideration but not all timing references support both low phase noise and stability. To complicate matters, vibration and system dynamics will have a large impact on the performance specifications for both phase noise and stability. Each system design has different requirements and using a modular approach, the requirements can be met through a signal A-PNT form factor. Through using an open standard, the difficulties behind integrating different timing references are mitigated by common architectures and platforms that facilitate rapid development, testing, and deployment. For position and navigation, the absolute reference typically used is an IMU. These devices can be described as commercial (automotive), tactical, navigation, and strategic grade. Figure 3: IMU grade comparison (leveraging Petovello) These grades directly correlate to the performance specifications and errors inherent to the IMUs. Figure 4: Comparison of IMU technologies and grades (Passaro) The errors and specifications will have an impact on the drift of the IMU, the lower the bias and noise, the less the IMU will drift. However, there is a trade-off in size, weight and power and cost when using higher grade parts. Not all systems require higher grade, larger IMUs when the smaller IMUs are adequate for the mission. Figure 5: Comparison of IMU technologies and grades (Passaro) An IMU will impact navigation performance in GPS degraded and denied environments when the only sensor to rely on is an IMU. Thus, incorporating other sensors like barometers, alternative signals, and location references can provide high fidelity estimations of position, velocity, heading and orientation. Not all these sensors are available in different platforms, so ensuring a modular approach to the A-PNT solution allows for swapping out different sensors, fusion algorithms, and capabilities to meet the system needs. As technology advances, IMUs capabilities will increase. Systems will soon be able to utilize high performance gyroscope in a small form factor meant for modular form factors. A modular A-PNT solution is the difference between operating over seconds to minutes without GPS versus operating for hours without GPS. Inside the A-PNT solution lies an integrity checking and monitoring solution. Through tests in the lab and during other test event opportunities, interference detection and mitigation (IDM) software must be thoroughly updated to address the ever-present threats. Using updated IDM software, the A-PNT solution introduces dual purpose situationally aware sensor fusion platform and protected system driver for the important PNT data. At a top level, PNT distribution over the VICTORY Data Bus allows for accessibility and information distribution that is agnostic to any system. Taking advantage of an open system architecture allows for system integrators to design systems around performance specifications and mission requirements without the need to also modify system components outside of the PNT card. A multi-layered A-PNT approach is needed to (1) maintain and improve situational awareness, (2) enable GPS denied mission operations, and (3) keep our warfighters safe through threatened environments. A-PNT solutions address these challenges by providing encrypted GPS M-Code signals, multiple layers of protection, and unprecedented capability to defeat and function in the presence of Electronic Warfare (EW) threats. An A-PNT sensor card that adheres to an open standard tackles very important criteria for any system used by warfighters today: Military Off-The-Shelf components – Procurement and sustainability are addressed through use of off-the-shelf components. Flexibility, Scalability and Upgradability – The system is flexible, scalable, and upgradable to newer sensors and technologies with developer support. Ease of Use and Ease of Integration – Easy for the integrator and user to operate with familiarity. PNT subject matter expertise – Allows for integrity and trust of the technology as a system designed around an integrated PNT sensor core. Not all systems are the same. As emerging missions evolve, so must the technology that is relied on by the warfighter. Historically, this has not been an easy task. Modular Open System Architecture (MOSA) has provided a means to address the need for rapid development, test, and integration of new technologies for emerging missions. The benefit of this should not be understated. Rapid development and test leads to simplifying the procurement challenges that confront acquisition efforts. Leveraging the open standards in SOSA and FACE alongside simulation technologies allows the Air Force to be ready when needed. Section 2 - The impacts on culture and practices Organizational structure is very delicate detail. Bureaucracy exists in all large organizations. The most successful organizations are methodical in their approach towards achieving success. These approaches are typically unique to the business or organization as there is not a “one size-fit-all” solution. The impacts of the differences in cultures and practices between organizations can and does impact the timeliness and effectiveness of decisions being made. Altering culture and practices that prevent timely and effective decisions is difficult, but it starts by making open systems available to the Air Staff. In the ecosystem that provides warfighters with the latest and greatest technology, intellectual property is owned by the vendor. This is problematic when trying to develop, test, and field systems for the warfighter. Adopting open standards like SOSA and FACE reduce the restrictions that impact information flow between governing bodies and vendors. Intellectual property is owned by vendors. This makes it difficult for the same information to be shared between vendors, between governing bodies, and between vendors and governing bodies. The goal of SOSA and FACE is to not own the intellectual property of the vendor but to make the interfaces and modules, used by the proposed solution, widely available. In removing the intellectual property barrier and making the interfaces and modules widely available reduces another pain point in the development of products. With known requirements for interfaces and modules, time is not spent on making the design decisions but rather on the development, test, and integration of the solution. This allows for the air fighter to improve speed, quality of decision support, and achieve greater alignment among Air Staff. Orolia had the opportunity to participate in an Open Innovation Lab (OIL) Plugfest. A Plugfest is typically an event, based on a technical standard or system, where the designers of some technology (electrical equipment or software capabilities) test the interoperability of their products or designs with those of other manufacturers. The technical goal is twofold: check compliance to the standard and test the effectiveness of the standard. Besides helping the vendors improve their interoperability, Plugfests help create awareness about the standard and can improve transparency on compliance. These Plugfests can be formal, providing public test scores or informal and private. SOSA and FACE provide opportunities through Plugfests and technical exchange meetings for vendors and government to not only stay informed of compliance and alignment success but also collaborate and innovate. Such opportunities are only made possible through the application of open standards and modular frameworks. During the OIL Plugfest, multiple vendors were asked to provide CMOSS, and SOSA aligned products to integrate alongside other cards and chassis. Years ago, such an event could not exist due to vendor restrictions. Open standards reduced the overhead requirements of designing the electrical and mechanical interface, understanding the software modules, and deciding on the form factor that would be implemented. In as little as 6 weeks, Orolia adapted a boxed based A-PNT solution to a card based A-PNT solution that was plug-in compatible with the system. Systems that adopt the Modular Open System Architecture (MOSA) provided by SOSA, CMOSS and FACE have proven to be modular, easily accessible, and easy to integrate. The end goal of any business or organization may not change, but the methods that may be employed must often adapt. Adaptation does not come easy but is necessary for constant improvement. Section 3 - Addressing long-term strategic competition MOSA is meant to enhance the department’s ability to modify weapon systems effectively. Modularization simplifies system design by making complexity manageable, enables programs to conduct parallel development efforts, and accommodates future uncertainty by allowing incremental changes to a system. A statement from the Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy: “A long-term strategic competition requires the seamless integration of multiple elements of national power – diplomacy, information, economics, finance, intelligence, law enforcement, and military. More than any other nation, America can expand the competitive space, seizing the initiative to challenge our competitors where we possess advantages, and they lack strength. A more lethal force, strong alliances and partnerships, American technological innovation, and a culture of performance will generate decisive and sustained U.S. military advantages.” Key edicts from the national defense strategy that can prove paramount to warfighter success. Open standards are a key differentiating factor that benefit both industry and government. As the needs of the warfighter continues to expand, technological capabilities employed by the warfighter must also continue to expand. Be strategically predictable, but operationally unpredictable . Adopting an open standard in SOSA and FACE provides the means to innovate and bring about new technologies. These technologies, either being improvements upon existing technologies or completely new technologies, will allow the warfighter to address this mission critical piece to competitiveness. Frustrating their efforts . Assured PNT is the backbone of any mission critical system. Knowledge of position and time will impact the functionality of any system. As such, position and time are very critical, and very susceptible components to a system designer or integrator. Competitors are aware of such a bottle neck and will try to disrupt these capabilities through this point of weakness. The need to protect, detect, and mitigate against such threats emerges every day. The need to rapidly address, innovate, and deploy the new technologies should not be slowed by proprietary interfaces, communication protocols, and process. Open System Architectures provide a means to counteract and even accelerate development and procurement to ensure success. Integrate with U.S. interagency . This edict expands to all aspects of U.S. interagency, including applying internally as well. The need to identify and build partnerships amongst military entities is an absolute requirement to address areas of economic, technological, and informational vulnerabilities. Such a task must not be hindered by the development or acquisition of systems caused by lack of information sharing and lack of common architectures. The deployment of common platforms, supported by MOSA, facilitates this agenda. Foster a competitive mindset . To succeed, new technologies must be robust and resilient. The key is to out-think, out-maneuver, and out-innovate the competitors. The use of resources to verify compliance and credibility is paramount to ensure any newly developed technology is deployable. New technologies can be developed using simulated environments without the overhead of working through proprietary methods which inevitably delays the development process and loses the competitive advantage. Using internal testing and hardware-in-the-loop capabilities that can emulate real world threats, developers and integrators can take that next step to developing resilient and assured capabilities. GPS simulators, either used on mobile test platforms or coupled with hardware-in-the-loop capabilities to simulate inertial movement, can shorten the development and testing that would be required for final integration. An evolving technological capability is an absolute requirement. Minimal impact to system interoperability is a key goal to ensuring that the edicts mentioned above are achieved. By allowing for modular open system architectures, rapid improvements can be made to A-PNT cards that include: Encryption – Layering and improving encryption methodologies (such as upgrading receivers in the field), it would be possible to harden GPS. A robust PNT ecosystem allows for a unified effort to improve encryption through affordable solutions. Threat Detection and Mitigation – Various algorithms can drive and improve filtering and help operators detect potentially malicious interference in navigation and timing systems. Through modular software components and hardware architectures, updating threat detection and mitigation capabilities using algorithms and layered PNT remains seamless. As new threats emerge, protecting the A-PNT through on-board interference detection and mitigation algorithms is a need. Improved signal processing – Emerging tools on the consumer side have improved the ability to process radio frequency signals. The NATO Research and Technology Organization points to improved signal processing as one of several key measures needed “to boost the resistance of GPS to [adversarial] jamming technologies.” High-end simulators can help the military to test such capabilities and get them into the field more quickly. Improved signal processing could also support more robust uses of PNT data leading to more effective systems. Higher receiver bandwidth, more accurate position and navigation, and phase coherent timing solutions are all results of the improved signal processing. Using analytics and modeling and simulation analyses, continuous testing can be performed to challenge the current systems and the potential to create new requirements to provide the correct PNT information. Advanced antennas – An advanced antenna creates focused beams and antenna patterns, focusing on where the satellites are and avoiding any potential interference. Strategically predictable yet unpredictable with the ability to adapt quickly. A high-level view of this approach and the different PNT information opportunities can be found in Figure 6: Figure 6: Available assured sensors for more robust solutions Each individual item adds a unique solution that is incorporated into the PNT solution provided by an A-PNT card. With opportunities to use these sensors, the ability to adapt, foster competition, and frustrate the competition is easier to achieve. While not all sensors may be available all the time, having choices allows for an adaptable solution that remains unpredictable and fosters interagency communication. Finally, the use of GPS simulators and other various test events drive collaboration among government and vendors alike. The Air Force must take advantage of operational tests that exercise the new technologies. With modular technologies and open, available standards that vendors have access to, the Air Force can quickly test these new technologies, fostering not only an atmosphere of collaboration but competitiveness as well. Section 4 - Preparing for the future starts now The goal is for any leveraged system to be the state of the art. Integration of the newest sensor and system technology, the highest operational performance, and the advancement of software design and implementation are of the utmost importance. These goals are shared both by vendors and government alike. Despite the common goal set, the approach has been different. As each approach is different, systems today result in tightly coupled integration without portability and flexibility. State of the art at the cost of flexibility decelerates the transition from the force that exists today to the Air Force the nation needs. To achieve technological preparedness, the groundwork must be laid now. Adopting a common framework through open standards is a means to do so. Utilizing a standard reference architecture helps remove the barriers prohibiting modularity, portability, and interoperability. Modularity . Software and sensor components drive the capability of the system. Vendor specific software leads to tightly coupled integration which prohibits the modularity of the software and system. The hardware modules must be decoupled from the software components such that software components and hardware modules can be developed and tested independently. This independence cuts down on development time and promotes the development of test tools that can be further leveraged to verify compliance and compatibility. VICTORY, as an example, promotes a standardized software interface. Along with a test tool and standards body, conformance and capability can be tested and verified without the need for specific hardware implementations. This allows developers to continue addressing near term implementation goals without relying on supply chain management or other roadblocks. Portability . Sensor components found in fielded systems are the backbone of the system functionality. These items must be easily replaced and updated to sustain and increase system performance. The same is applied to software components developed for systems and solutions. The need to port existing software solutions to newer processors or platforms will assist in reducing the impacts of supply chain or procurement initiatives. The adoption and implementation of open standards leads to portability between platforms. Ease of portability allows for integrators and decision makers to address emerging needs with resilient, tested, and trusted solutions. As an example, the Orolia C-PNT solution has been ported to multiple different platforms and iterations. The software is built to remain agnostic to sensors such that the inclusion of VICTORY, SOSA, CMOSS and FACE allow for easy portability to more available processors. Interoperability . Communication between components and modules is important for any functioning system. Plugfest opportunities help test the compliance, the interoperability, and performance of newly designed systems. Such events may only exist due in part to the adoption of MOSA and standards that are managed and agreed upon. As open standards bodies, SOSA and FACE host opportunities for vendors and government to test this interoperability. A key importance of interoperability is found in the ease of replacing technologies as well as updating technologies. For example, if the need arises to swap out an inoperable sensor or the need to update a sensor itself with a newer version, the interoperability of the sensor card is important to reduce integration and development time. Take, for example, the Modular Open RF Architecture established through SOSA. Figure 7: The MORA topology The VICTORY Position Navigation and Timing (PNT) is abstracted from the system software component types such that an end user can address and update components through a common standard data bus. The only limitation for an A-PNT solution to be updated or upgraded is the adherence to an established standard in VICTORY. With the communication and component level standardized, the three key aspects of modularity, portability and interoperability can easily be addressed with no impact on other devices or components of the system. The importance of removing these barriers allows for the Air Force to transition to the next level and take advantage of the state-of-the-art technologies. Removing the focus on integration and development and spending more time focusing on the strategic targets allows for success and safety of the warfighter. Giving the Air Force more time to address the areas of need allow for greater attention to be paid to the near term and long-term strategic mission. Evaluating acceptable levels of risk to mission, force and security is paramount to the success of any organization. Leveraging open system architectures and standards remains beneficial to this end goal. Conclusion Modernized systems require modernized technology. As the emerging needs grow and evolve, the technology needs to advance with it. As a mission critical piece to any modernized system, assured position, navigation, and timing technology cannot be hindered by tightly locked solutions that do not allow for modularity and growth. The capabilities must rapidly and effectively evolve. The adoption of open standards is a unified approach to addressing the needs of the air fighter today and for the future. To rapidly evolve, designers should not be burdened by lack of modularity, interoperability, or information flow. To effectively evolve, decision makers should not be burdened by information flow and process which detracts from more focus on planning and strategy. Promoting the collaboration between industry, academia and government will allow the Air Force to overcome any technical challenge. Such a change in culture and process can be facilitated through the adoption of open standards. They allow us to go fast, be effective, and most importantly, be successful. References ( Please note that the links below are good at the time of writing but cannot be guaranteed for the future .) Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) Reference Frameworks in Defense Acquisition Programs, published by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Advanced Capabilities, May 2020, refer to: https://ac.cto.mil/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/MOSA-Ref-Frame-May2020.pdf Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of The United States, authored by Jim Mattis, refer to: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf FACE™ Technical Standard, Edition 3.1 (C207), published by The Open Group, July 2020; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/c207 Technical Standard for SOSA™ Reference Architecture, Edition 1.0 (C212), published by The Open Group, September 2021; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/c212 Gyroscope Technology and Applications: A Review of the Industrial Perspective, authored by Passaro, Cuccovillo, Valani, De Carlo, and Campanella. Methods for Accuracy Verification of Positioning Module authored by Patric Jansson Beyond GPS: A Multilayered Approach to Addressing PNT Vulnerabilities, authored by Adam Stone, refer to: https://www.orolia.com/beyond-gps-a-multilayered-approach-to-addressing-pnt-vulnerabilities/ Real-Time Integration of a Tactical-Grade IMU and GPS for High-Accuracy Positioning and Navigation, authored by Mark G. Petovello. About the Author Brent Abbott is an R&D technical lead and manager for Orolia Defense & Security, a leader in Assured Position, Navigation, and Timing products. He has a Bachelor’s and Master’s in Signal Processing and has worked in the DoD space for more than 13 years. He constantly seeks to promote the advancement of technology as seen through several PNT related patents, publications, and presentations. About The Open Group FACE™ Consortium The Open Group Future Airborne Capability Environment™ (FACE) Consortium, was formed as a government and industry partnership to define an open avionics environment for all military airborne platform types. Today, it is an aviation-focused professional group made up of industry suppliers, customers, academia, and users. The FACE Consortium provides a vendor-neutral forum for industry and government to work together to develop and consolidate the open standards, best practices, guidance documents, and business strategy necessary for acquisition of affordable software systems that promote innovation and rapid integration of portable capabilities across global defense programs. Further information on the FACE Consortium is available at www.opengroup.org/face . About The Open Group SOSA™ Consortium The Open Group SOSA™ Consortium enables government and industry to collaboratively develop open standards and best practices to enable, enhance, and accelerate the deployment of affordable, capable, interoperable sensor systems. The SOSA Consortium is creating open system reference architectures applicable to military and commercial sensor systems and a business model that balances stakeholder interests. The architectures employ modular design and use widely supported, consensus-based, non-proprietary standards for key interfaces. Further information on the SOSA Consortium is available at www.opengroup.org/sosa . About The Open Group The Open Group is a global consortium that enables the achievement of business objectives through technology standards. With more than 870 member organizations, we have a diverse membership that spans all sectors of the technology community – customers, systems and solutions suppliers, tool vendors, integrators, and consultants, as well as academics and researchers. The mission of The Open Group is to drive the creation of Boundaryless Information Flow™ achieved by: Working with customers to capture, understand, and address current and emerging requirements, establish policies, and share best practices. Working with suppliers, consortia, and standards bodies to develop consensus and facilitate interoperability, to evolve and integrate specifications and open-source technologies. Offering a comprehensive set of services to enhance the operational efficiency of consortia. Developing and operating the industry’s premier certification service and encouraging procurement of certified products. Further information on The Open Group is available at www.opengroup.org . DOWNLOAD PDF