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More space missions are taking place in Lower Earth Orbit (LEO). Newer, more advanced receivers are needed to have sufficient PNT capabilities. Doppler shifts experienced on these missions will be high, however, robust testing to ensure mission success is achievable... Home • PNT Library • Doppler Effects on Spaceborne PNT Applications Doppler Effects on Spaceborne PNT Applications DOWNLOAD PDF By Joshua Prentice Since the very first space missions positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) have been crucial for spaceborne applications. Traditionally, space vehicle PNT has been achieved through various combinations of ground stations, optical navigation, onboard high-precision clocks, inertial measurement units, and other methods. Only recently, however, has existing global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) been added to that list. GNSS constellations were designed to provide PNT for Earth-borne applications taking place on the ground, sea, or in the atmosphere. As such, those GNSS waveforms are primarily aimed toward the Earth, but there is a small amount of spill-over of the main lobe beyond the silhouette of Earth and into space. Additionally, the side lobes of most GNSS waveforms are also broadcast into space beyond Earth. Because these signals are visible from orbit, they can conceivably be used for the PNT of space vehicles. In terms of spaceborne navigation from GNSS constellations, there are generally two main orbital regions of concern. Altitudes between Earth and the GNSS altitude, known as being under the “canopy”, and altitudes above the GNSS canopy as shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1: Below and Above the GNSS Canopy When orbiting the Earth underneath the GNSS canopy the receiver antenna must point “skyward” towards the GNSS constellations. This scenario is more closely related to traditional GNSS navigation, although satellites will rise and set more frequently. The full spectrum of these signals is available with the advantage of stronger signal strength compared to surface and low-atmospheric operations. In scenarios where the receiver vehicle is orbiting above the GNSS canopy, navigating based on GNSS constellations becomes much more difficult as the only available portions of the waveform are the main lobe spill-over and the side lobes. For simplification and to limit the scope of this tech brief, the primary area of concern will be space vehicles in geocentric orbits beneath the GNSS canopy. When navigating from GNSS signals Doppler shift is always present no matter how close to the GNSS canopy the receiver is. However, when the navigating receiver is traveling at velocities necessary to maintain a stable orbit, the Doppler shift is much greater. Figure 2: Doppler shift diagram The Doppler shift change in frequency can be expressed as (Parker, 2017): In equation (1) 𝑓₀ is the source carrier frequency, Δ𝑣 is the relative velocity of the space vehicles, and 𝑐₀ is the speed of light. This equation does not account for ionospheric and tropospheric effects encountered when GNSS signals pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. When considering equation (1) for multiple scenarios and orbital altitudes, the speed of light is a constant, and depending on the GNSS constellation being used so is the source carrier frequency. Thus, the biggest factor affecting Doppler shift is the relative velocity of the space vehicles. Because the satellites that make up GNSS constellations are held to very strict orbits with known orbital velocities and those orbits are maintained throughout the lifetime of the constellation, the determining factor of the relative velocity for any given mission is the orbital velocity of the receiver vehicle. It follows that the goal in computing a theoretical maximum Doppler shift a spaceborne receiver may encounter is to maximize the relative velocity between the receiver vehicle and the GNSS vehicle. A scenario that would accomplish this would be a receiver vehicle in very low earth orbit (VLEO) tracking GNSS signals. Spaceborne missions taking place in LEO are a unique case of GNSS PNT due to the high relative velocity compared to the GNSS constellation vehicles while still being beneath the GNSS canopy. The dynamics of such a scenario are some of the highest that a receiver may experience during typical PNT operations. As such, the Doppler search space of receivers deployed in LEO must be much wider than needed for ground, sea, and airborne missions. One example of a very low earth orbit mission (VLEO) is the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE). The GOCE mission required extremely precise orbit determination to carry out its scientific objective of mapping Earth’s gravity field to an accuracy of 1-2 cm. The GOCE space vehicle maintained an average orbital altitude of 255 km, placing the average orbital velocity around 8 ᵏᵐ⁄ₛ (European Space Agency, 2022). The GOCE mission tracked GPS signals to assist in orbit determination. GPS satellites orbit at an altitude of 20,200 km with an average orbital velocity of roughly 4 ᵏᵐ⁄ₛ (US Space Force, 2022). Figure 3: GOCE Missions in VLEO have much shorter durations than other spaceborne missions due to the need for constant orbital maintenance maneuvers to counteract the atmospheric drag, and as such, it can be considered the lower limit of possible orbital altitudes. To estimate a maximum possible Doppler shift the worst possible case scenario would be the receiver satellite travelling in exactly the opposite direction (±180°) of the GNSS vehicle. While this is generally a very rare situation some space vehicles do travel in non-standard orbits, so it is possible. Thus, the relative velocity of the space vehicles can be expressed as: Where: So that: Note that all velocities are expressed as linear for simplification. With an established relative velocity, the maximum estimated Doppler shift can be calculated using the following values: Calculating the Doppler shift using the equation (1) results in: With a worst-case-scenario Doppler shift of 63 kHz, it is imperative to ensure the receiver being placed into orbit can perform under such conditions. Skydel Simulation Engine of the BroadSim product line is capable of simulating spaceborne scenarios, even under conditions where Doppler shift is maximized. One of the default vehicle profiles within Skydel is an Earth-orbiting spacecraft with highly customizable Keplerian elements to define the exact orbit thereceiver vehicle will experience. Should the default spacecraft profile not provide enough customization, Skydel can also be interfaced through hardware in the loop (HIL) where exact positions are pushed to the simulator to simulate the specific trajectory of a receiver vehicle. Unlike some simulators where the Doppler shift will have to be either predetermined or manually added to the scenario, Skydel handles Doppler, ionospheric, and tropospheric effects automatically based on the scenario without requiring user input. Figure 4: Skydel Screenshot LEO and VLEO missions are becoming more and more popular especially in the fields of PNT, from both from a provider and user standpoint. To make sure those missions will have sufficient PNT capabilities advanced receivers will need to be used and new receivers will be developed to fill specific roles and advance current capabilities. While the Doppler shifts experienced by receivers on these missions will be high, robust testing to ensure mission success is capable using BroadSim simulation products powered by Skydel. Commonly Asked Questions About Doppler Effects Why are GNSS signals now being used for space navigation? Historically, space vehicles relied on methods like ground stations, inertial sensors, and onboard clocks for navigation. GNSS was originally designed for Earth-based applications, but signal spillover (main lobe and side lobes) into space now allows satellites to use GNSS for autonomous navigation. Why is this topic important? Reliable, autonomous PNT in space is critical for military satellites, ISR platforms, and scientific missions, especially when access to ground-based navigation aids is unavailable or denied. What causes Doppler shift in spaceborne GNSS reception? The Doppler shift arises from the relative velocity between the receiver spacecraft and the GNSS satellite. The faster the receiver moves in orbit, the more pronounced the frequency shift in received GNSS signals. References European Space Agency. (2022). GOCE Facts and Figures. Retrieved from https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/GOCE/Facts_and_figures Parker, M. (2017). Digital Signal Processing 101. Elsevier Inc. US Space Force. (2022). GPS: The Global Positioning System. Retrieved from https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/#orbits DOWNLOAD PDF

Designed for all kinds of oceanic class submarines, discover oceanic navigation solutions with Black-Onyx™ and Black-Onyx™ Dual Core. Home • Products • Inertial Navigation Systems • Black-O nyx ™ Black-Onyx™ Technological revolution for submarine applications Black-O nyx ™ PRODUCT | INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS Consumption < 25 W Weight < 40 lbs Size 10 x 10.3 x 16.3 (in) MTBF > 200,000 h ANY QUESTIONS? GET QUOTE About Black-Onyx™ and Black-Onyx™ Dual Core inertial navigation system are designed for all kinds of oceanic class submarines. Thanks to the HRG Crystal™ inertial technology, these families offer the highest autonomous and stealthiest navigation performance ever reached in the market. Submergibility & Autonomy: Black-Onyx™ offers the highest autonomous navigation performance ever reached in the non strategic submarines market. With Black-Onyx™ Dual Core family those performances are multiplied, reaching navigation accuracies for the most submarines demanding applications. Stealth: totally silent inertial navigation systems. Reliability: Black-Onyx™ family offers the highest MTBF of the market and is maintenance free thanks to HRG Crystal™. No Maintenance Fully Certified Easy to Use Virtually maintenance free thanks to HRG Crystal™ technology and a system MTBF over 200,000hrs. Proven Safran INS technology installed on over 1000 ships worldwide, meeting the toughest naval certifications and standards. Designed to easily interface with Combat Management Systems, “set and forget” once installed on a platform. Options for specific requirements and additional precision Black -Onyx™ family Black-Onyx™ SP: 1Nm/4h precision Black-Onyx™ HP: 1Nm/24h precision Black-Onyx™ XP48 or XP72: 1Nm/48h or 1Nm/72h precision Black-Onyx Dual Core™ family Black-Onyx™ Dual Core SP96 or SP120: 1Nm/96h or 1Nm/120h precision Black-Onyx™ Dual Core HP: 1Nm/240h precision Black-Onyx™ Dual Core XP: Better than 1Nm/360h precision A technological revolution for submarine applications Black-Onyx™ and Black-Onyx Dual Core™ guarantee: Optimal stealth and long endurance. Unparalleled integrity and operational efficiency: accurate attitudes and precise localization for sensors stabilization and weapons employment. An easily interchangeability with SIGMA 40 XP. Click to download the Black- Onyx ™ data sheet. VIEW DATA SHEET

Orolia Defense & Security has completed the acquisition of Talen-X, a U.S. company specializing in advanced GNSS solutions and Interference, Detection, and Mitigation (IDM) technologies. Talen-X is now a part of Orolia! ROCHESTER, NY, September 18, 2019 Orolia Defense & Security has completed the acquisition of TalenX, a U.S. company specializing in advanced Global Navigation Simulation System (GNSS) solutions and Interference, Detection, and Mitigation (IDM) technologies. “Orolia Defense & Security is excited to bring on Talen-X as they offer a complementary portfolio of solutions and bring many years of advanced PNT experience to the team. We look forward to continuing their growth by providing additional resources and capabilities while ensuring the growth and success of their current customers” said Hironori Sasaki, President of Orolia Defense & Security. In early 2019, Orolia Defense & Security spun off as a separate entity from its parent company Orolia, with the mission of providing resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) solutions and custom engineering services to U.S. Government agencies, U.S. Defense organizations, and their contractors. Orolia Defense & Security operates as a proxy-regulated company, Free of Foreign Ownership, Control, or Influence (FOCI). As such, Orolia Defense & Security is approved to work on the full spectrum of U.S. Government classified and unclassified projects and is positioned to support strategic partnerships in the development of key PNT technologies for the defense market. “Our culture of innovation, together with our demonstrated testing capabilities, will complement Orolia’s technology expertise and significantly enhance the reliability, performance and safety of military operations,” said Tim Erbes, Orolia Defense & Security’s Director of Engineering. The acquisition also enables Talen-X's existing resources, operations and capabilities to be scaled and accelerated to better support the warfighter. At Modern Day Marine and Association of the U.S. Army (AUSA), Orolia Defense & Security is showcasing its latest technologies such as the BroadSim Wavefront GNSS simulator, ThreatBlocker jamming/spoofing detection and protection device and BroadShield threat detection software. Authorized for use with U.S. military signals such as GPS L1/L2, P, Y, and M-Code, Orolia’s Simulation and IDM solutions serve the most unique and challenging program requirements. For more information about Orolia Defense & Security, visit their website at www.OroliaDS.com About Orolia Orolia is the world leader in Resilient PNT solutions that improve the reliability, performance and safety of customers’ critical, remote or high-risk operations. Resilient PNT is the convergence of positioning, navigation and timing technology with non-traditional and emerging technology to improve the reliability, performance and safety of mission-critical applications in the air, on land, in the sea, and in space. Resilient PNT solutions are used where even the smallest discrepancy in data accuracy, availability and stability can result in a mission failure, loss of life, battlefield disadvantages, and significant economic loss. www.Orolia.com Contact: Rachael Smith 614-736-3736 rachael.smith@oroliaDS.com VIEW PDF

Impact of Temperature and High Vibration in Ground, Shipboard and Aircraft Platforms on GPS-disciplined, Low Phase Noise, Time and Frequency References. Home • PNT Library • ION Joint Navigation Conference 2019 Abstract ION Joint Navigation Conference 2019 Abstract DOWNLOAD PDF By Timothy Tetreault DOWNLOAD PDF

This guide discusses applications and use cases for CRPAs, and methods for testing them. It explores various test solutions available today, and helps you choose the right solution for your specific application. Home • PNT Library • An Engineer’s Guide to CRPA Testing An Engineer’s Guide to CRPA Testing DOWNLOAD PDF By Tim Erbes Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of GPS navigation and positioning, Controlled Reception Pattern Antennas (CRPAs) are revolutionizing defense and critical infrastructure. These advanced systems are crucial for protecting against jamming and spoofing threats, which can disrupt operations in high-stakes environments. We are providing a comprehensive overview of CRPA testing methods, technologies, and best practices based on the insights from Safran Federal Systems' white paper, Engineer’s Guide to CRPA Testing. For the full white paper and in-depth analysis, download the PDF . Who Should Read This White Paper? • GNSS/RF Test Engineers • GNSS/RF Systems Engineers • PNT Engineers • Navigation Engineers • NAVWAR Engineers • Signal Processing Engineers • Avionics Engineers • Program Managers What Are CRPAs, and Why Are They Important? CRPAs, or Controlled Reception Pattern Antennas, are multi-element antenna systems designed to reduce RF interference. By forming nulls in the direction of jammers or spoofers, CRPAs ensure that GPS receivers only process true satellite signals. These antennas are increasingly common in the defense sector, where robust anti-jamming and anti-spoofing capabilities are essential. Key benefits of CRPAs include: • Dynamic Threat Adaptation : Nullifies interference in real-time. • Enhanced Navigation Security: Maintains signal integrity under adverse conditions. • Wide Application: Used in UAVs, ground vehicles, and naval systems. Why Is CRPA Testing Critical? Rigorous testing ensures that CRPAs perform reliably in real-world scenarios. Without proper validation, these systems may fail to counteract advanced jamming and spoofing threats. Testing not only validates the design but also identifies performance limits and areas for improvement. CRPA Testing Methods 1. Record Replay Testing This cost-effective method uses recorded GPS data for simulations. While realistic, it lacks flexibility since recorded data cannot be modified. 2. GNSS Simulation GNSS simulators, like Safran’s Skydel-powered systems, allow for fast iteration speeds and high flexibility. These simulators support: • Threat simulations (jammers and spoofers). • Encrypted signals for classified defense systems. • Scalable architecture for multi-element testing. 3. Anechoic Chamber Testing An anechoic chamber provides a controlled environment for over-the-air (OTA) testing of CRPAs. It evaluates both antennas and electronics, ensuring comprehensive system performance validation. However, it requires significant upfront investment and setup. 4. Field Testing Field testing replicates real-world conditions by introducing actual threats. While effective, this method is costly and limited by environmental variables and regulations. Wavefront Simulation: A Game-Changer for CRPA Testing What is Wavefront Simulation? Wavefront simulation uses software-defined radios to simulate GNSS signals and threats, delivering unmatched precision and scalability. Key features include: • Phase Alignment: Ensures accurate signal timing across antenna elements. • Real-Time Jamming and Spoofing: Simulates hundreds of threats simultaneously. • Scalability: Supports up to 16 antenna elements and thousands of signals. • Automation: Enables quick setup and repeatable tests with minimal manual intervention. Advantages Over Traditional Methods Wavefront systems are lab-ready and do not require complex installations like anechoic chambers. They allow for dynamic simulations, enabling engineers to test under extreme conditions without leaving the lab. Key Features of a Robust CRPA Testing System When selecting a testing system, look for the following: • Built-In Jamming and Spoofing: Essential for simulating real-world threats. • Encrypted Signal Support: Critical for classified defense applications. • Scalability: The system should adapt to future needs, including additional elements or signals. • Automation: Streamlined calibration and testing workflows to save time. • Cost Efficiency: Long-term savings through software-defined, upgradeable systems. Common Questions About CRPA Testing How do CRPAs counter jamming and spoofing? CRPAs dynamically nullify interference using null steering and beamforming techniques, isolating true satellite signals while ignoring others. What’s the best way to test CRPAs? The ideal approach combines methods. GNSS simulation offers flexibility and speed, while anechoic chambers provide comprehensive OTA testing for full systems. How scalable are modern CRPA testing systems? Safran’s wavefront systems are highly scalable, supporting additional elements, signals, and future updates with minimal hardware changes. Is it possible to convert scenarios from my legacy platform? Short answer—Yes! Switching systems can be overwhelming—we feel you. Let us handle the heavy lifting: we make it easy to migrate your scenarios so you can transition seamlessly—without starting from scratch. Conclusion Testing CRPAs is no longer an optional step—it’s a critical process to ensure navigation security in high-threat environments. Safran Federal Systems’ innovative solutions, including wavefront simulation and Skydel technology, provide defense professionals with the tools needed to validate performance, identify vulnerabilities, and prepare for evolving threats. DOWNLOAD PDF

Ensure mission-critical time synchronization with SecureSync 2400 time server. Military-grade, resilient PNT for navigating GNSS disruptions. Learn more! Home • PNT Library • SecureSync 2400 Ensuring Mission-Critical Time Synchronization SecureSync 2400 Ensuring Mission-Critical Time Synchronization DOWNLOAD PDF By Safran Federal Systems Time Synchronization Data is Foundational to PNT Performance Fundamentally, time synchronization is the alignment of independent clocks to the same time and frequency. It provides critical functionality for services that depend on precise, synchronized timing to manage device security, availability, and efficiency and supports a wide array of business and infrastructure systems. Defense time synchronization applications directly support warfighters in theater through vital Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) functionality. PNT applications leverage GNSS/GPS location data for navigation and precise timekeeping to support operational efficiency and seamless communications. As satellites continuously broadcast their own time and position information, receivers trilaterate, calculating the distance between the receiver and each satellite to determine position and time details for the end user and their equipment. This supports mission-critical communication, movement, and collaborative processes. In military PNT applications, time synchronization for defense requires the highest levels of accuracy and consistency for real-time operational support. In modern theaters, as Electronic Warfare (EW) domains become both more prevalent and more contested, warfighter operations dependent upon PNT functions are increasingly at risk. Escalating AI and machine-to-machine communications capabilities provide new tools for adversaries to disrupt PNT systems and operations and must be accounted for. Figure 1: GPS data provides continuous precise positioning and timekeeping. SecureSync 2400 Delivers Reliable PNT Data Across Domains As industry leaders in the PNT space, Safran Federal Systems (SFS) has developed the SecureSync 2400 - a GNSS time server with a layered-defense approach to address GNSS threats and maintain PNT integrity. In the SecureSync platform, threats are mitigated by building redundancy into the timing system architecture. Redundancy is achieved through the integration of high-performance internal oscillators and strong modularity with a choice of customizable input interfaces. This design approach makes the SecureSync 2400 highly resilient and adaptable. Figure 2: SFS Oscillator Performance Key capabilities of the SecureSync 2400 include: Multi-GNSS receiver built-in M-Code supported Multi-reference failover reliability Modular and scalable with option cards Built-in networking capabilities Comprehensive management and monitoring interfaces High availability with hot swap redundant power supply option Figure 3: SecureSync as an NTP Server and PTP Grandmaster. The platform leverages both Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precision Time Protocol (PTP) for a diverse suite of use cases and applications. NTP applications are cost effective and software-driven internet solutions for general IT networks and database servers with millisecond accuracy . PTP applications are high-performance hardware solutions cast on local area networks (LAN) with much tighter tolerances offering microsecond accuracy. They are used for RF communications, radar systems, data transmission, power synchronization, and scientific instrumentation. In military applications, the SecureSync 2400 supports fundamental Command and Control and Datacenter operations. Command and Control : Requires resilient and accurate time and frequency to synchronize systems monitoring and control elements over the network, along with low phase noise frequency references for RF transmitters (radar). May also provide time and frequency for communications and test equipment (radio communications). Datacenter: Resilient and accurate network timing for single or multi-tenant networks. When defense time synchronization and PNT efforts are disrupted, warfighters can suffer communications failure, lose sight and tracking of equipment and personnel, and fail to execute. This risk becomes more pronounced without resilient PNT tools. A secure time server for defense applications, like the SecureSync 2400, mitigates the risk of disruption through an ecosystem of solutions to GNSS threats. Military-Grade Time Synchronization for Resilient PNT Performance For military- and defense-focused applications, time servers need to offer additional performance features beyond commercial NTP and PTP functionality. Resilient Securing time reference acquisition and timescale keeping during GNSS interference differentiates military from commercial applications. Military time servers need varied solutions to address dynamic threats in theater without performance loss. The SecureSync Interference Detection and Mitigation (IDM) suite builds an operational awareness into the solution to mitigate threats. Modular In military use cases, individual time servers generally need to be dynamic and customizable to support evolving threats and requirements while offering field serviceability. This is achieved through modular, open-system designs, like SecureSync, which provides more than 40 installable option cards for additional power and functionality. M-Code Enabled Encrypted M-Code signals provide unique operational benefits to warfighters including strengthened jamming resistance and anti-spoof capabilities. As such, M-Code integration has become a key feature of contemporary military time servers. The SecureSync 2400 is engineered to integrate with M-Code inputs for enhanced protection in challenged environments. Evolution of the SecureSync Platform As both the need for comprehensive time synchronization tools and GNSS threats evolve, the SecureSync time & frequency platform continues to develop. The SecureSync 2400 represents a step forward in resilient timing. The upgraded platform maintains compatibility with the previous SecureSync option card set and emphasizes a renewed focus on critical operations through: Network capability, security, redundancy, & monitoring to support critical operations An advanced SoC system architecture with increased processing capability Improved internal frequency performance and distribution Additionally, the SecureSync 2400 supports multiple NTP and PTP option cards and an ALTNAV module that are unavailable on the SecureSync 1200. Conclusion Warfighter domains are constantly evolving, bringing about new risks to communications and operations through GNSS threats. In order to mitigate these risks, operating forces can leverage military-grade time servers like the SFS SecureSync 2400. This reliable and resilient time server supports complex objectives in GNSS-challenged domains by providing accurate time signals that are critical for mission success. Equipped with powerful oscillators and a proven architecture, the SecureSync 2400 ensures time accuracy and continuity even in the face of GNSS disruptions. With its adaptable and redundant threat detection and mitigation strategy, this time server keeps operations secure and mission-critical tasks running smoothly. In conclusion, the SecureSync 2400 is designed to be Secure , Resilient , Monitored , and Scalable to perform now but also adapt to future GNSS challenges, making it an invaluable asset for military operations. DOWNLOAD PDF

Safran Federal Systems, a trusted DoD mission partner and industry leader in Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (A-PNT), together with Safran Electronics and Defense, announced the delivery of its 50,000th SecureSync™ time synchronization system, a milestone that reflects the platform's reliable track record. Mission-Critical Timing Authority Safran Federal Systems Marks Milestone SecureSync Delivery With more than 50,000 systems deployed globally, SecureSync remains the benchmark for precision timing across defense and commercial markets ROCHESTER, NY - June 1, 2026 Safran Federal Systems, a trusted DoD mission partner and industry leader in Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (A-PNT), together with Safran Electronics and Defense, announced the delivery of its 50,000 th SecureSync™ time synchronization system, a milestone that reflects the platform's reliable track record. For over 50 years, precision timing has been at the core of Safran's mission. With more than 50,000 SecureSync units delivered globally across civil and defense networks, SecureSync is one of the most widely deployed precision timing systems in the market. That scale is the result of generations of advancement in performance, design, and relentless innovation to outpace evolving conditions and demands. “Timing has been foundational to who we are since day one, and this milestone is a testament to the trust our customers have placed in SecureSync for nearly two decades,” said Trevor Dougherty, Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Safran Federal Systems. “Our solutions are in the field, actively supporting warfighters, and we remain as committed as ever to delivering the reliability that missions depend on. In an environment where a fraction of a second can mean the difference between success and failure, we don't just deliver precise time — we make it resilient.” The SecureSync supports a broad range of applications, from GPS-disciplined synchronization in commercial infrastructure to M-Code enabled timing for military operations requiring the highest levels of security and accuracy. Today, SecureSync is trusted across some of the most critical programs in the defense and federal community. Its widespread adoption reflects Safran’s history of delivering trustworthy, field-proven timing solutions. Safran is actively staying ahead of where the mission is going by investing in the next generation of timing capabilities, including White Rabbit next-generation picosecond time distribution and quantum timing technology — to continue supporting the warfighter with innovative timing solutions on the battlefield. For more information, visit us at safranfederalsystems.com/securesync-m-code . About Safran Federal Systems Safran Federal Systems is a trusted DoD mission partner and industry leader in Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (A-PNT) and Geospatial Intelligence. Our cross-cutting capability set spans GNSS simulation, NAVWAR, inertial navigation, and AI — with continued investment in emerging areas like Quantum Sensing. Through open systems architecture and a commitment to relentless innovation, we deliver proven solutions to the warfighter across all domains. For more information: www.safranfederalsystems.com Follow us on: @SafranFedSys Safran Federal Systems Safran Federal Systems Safran Federal Systems Contact: Rachael Smith rachael.smith@safranFS.com +1 (585) 747-6131 VIEW PDF

Learn about inertial measurement units (IMUs) and their wide range of applications. Safran Federal Systems has a variety of IMU solutions to meet your mission's needs. Home • PNT Library • IMU Application Guide IMU Application Guide DOWNLOAD PDF By Safran Federal Systems Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are a critical component to a wide range of systems, from Unmanned systems, munitions and other applications for today’s harshest environments. Safran designs and manufactures High Accuracy Gyro and IMU solutions with industry best SWaP to cost ratio. What is an IMU? A combination of accelerometers, rate gyros and electronics • Three accelerometers in the orthogonal sensor axes • Three rate gyros on the same sensor axes • Inertial electronics (IE) to process and output the signals • Outputs are digital rates, accelerations, and status • May be installed in a standalone chassis with a power supply or used as an Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) within a navigator. IMUs provide rate and acceleration data in the ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’ axis offering systems live feedback on their movement. In the case of a guided missile, this feedback data ensures the ordinance stays on target while in aircraft they are a critical component ensuring the avionics suite operates and controls the platform as expected. This guide discusses several different IMU types, their applications and how to choose the best variant for your platform. Evolution of Gyroscope Technologies Safran has invested in the next generation of MEMS and Hemispherical Resonating Gyro (HRG) technologies. These implementations offer optimized Size, Weight and Power (SWaP) characteristics, along with industry-leading reliability at both the component and system levels. MEMS gyro technology takes form in our STIM products offering stabilization, guidance and control capabilities to platforms which are SWaP constrained. HRG technologies range from Tactical to Navigation and Navigation+ grade offering platforms northfinding and navigation capabilities. The next page breaks down these applications and how our IMU systems are best suited for various applications and environments. IMU Applications Matching the right IMU technologies to the appropriate application types is critical to ensuring systems react as expected to their environment. Fundamental gyroscope and accelerometer technology types each have their own strengths, Safran’s experts can help in ensuring the right match for your application. Below are 4 common application types along with an example use case. Stabilization Stabilization of gimballed systems requires high speed (low latency) measurement of platform rotations and vibrations, with low latency feedback to servo mechanisms that cancel out the motion, enabling stable pointing of cameras, other optical systems, or remote weapons. Applications Stabilization of cameras or other optical systems. Stabilization of Remote Weapon Systems Key Attributes High bandwidth Low latency Shock and vibe resilience Guidance/Control Guidance refers to the determination of the desired path of travel, or trajectory, to a designated target. Control refers to the manipulation of the forces, by way of steering controls, thrusters, etc., needed to execute guidance commands while maintaining vehicle stability. Applications Missile guidance, guided munitions, space launches where inertial data are used to control wings and thrusters Key Attributes High bandwidth Low latency Shock and vibe resilience Low cost for attritable systems. Orientation/AHRS Orientation is the ability to provide a local level and a heading reference such as azimuth and elevation (ground applications) or pitch, roll and heading (airborne applications). Orienation can be achieved with medium performance gyros and accelerometers. Applications Provides a navigation aid to smaller aircraft including private jets. May be used as a backup to a full navigation system in a larger commercial aircraft. Key Attributes Good short term bias instability Low noise Low cost for price sensitive commercial markets STIM Product Suite Safran manufactures IMUs and sets a new standard for precision and performance by utilizing our proprietary inertial sensor technology. Our IMUs are engineered to excel in the Defense, Industrial, Aerospace, and Commercial sectors. Gyro range: Up to 1200°/s Gyro bias: 0.3°/hr Gyro ARW: 0.1-0.15°/hr Gyro scale factor: 500 ppm 1sigma Accelerometer Specs Range: Up to 100g Bias: Down to 100μg 1sigma Scale Factor: 200 ppm 1sigma Northfinding Northfinding refers to the precise measurement of Earth’s rotational rate to determine true north. True north is the standard reference for the heading or pointing vector of a vehicle or system.Safran has offerings which are gun-hardened and offer angle accuracy of better than 0.3 mils seclat. Applications Pointing of weapons, determination of heading to target, determination of vehicle heading as an aid to navigation. Key Attributes Low noise Good bias stability Navigation- GPS/INS Navigation refers to the determination, at a given time, of the vehicle’s location and velocity (the “state vector” as well as its attitude (roll, pitch, and yaw). High accuracy position and heading solutions can be obtained from filtered combination of GPS and inertial sensor inputs. Applications Ubiquitous in both commercial and defense aircraft, ground based defense vehicles, surface sea vessels, uncrewed aerial and ground vehicles. Key Attributes Navigation grade bias stability for inertial sensors Navigation- GPS Denied Navigation in GPS challenged theaters requires inertial sensors with extremely high long term stability, enabling high accuracy position and heading determination even when GPS is jammed or spoofed. Applications Necessary for long range undersea navigation, increasingly relevant for defense aircraft due to GPS denial. Key Attributes Long term bias stability of inertial sensors ICONYX ICONYX™ is a high-performance tactical grade Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for guidance and control applications. ICONYX™ is designed to meet the most demanding environmental conditions with extreme accuracy and reliability. Gyro range: Up to 2000°/s Gyro bias: 0.15 °/h 1sigma Gyro ARW: 0.001 °/√h max Gyro scale factor: 50 ppm 1sigma Accelerometer Specs : Range: Up to 100g Bias: Down to 100μg 1sigma Scale Factor: 200 ppm 1sigma DOWNLOAD PDF

Reliance of GPS in modern land-warfare systems, potential effects of GPS disruption on their operation and considerations for protecting their ability to continue operating in a GPS-disrupted environment. Home • PNT Library • Defense PNT in Challenged Environments Defense PNT in Challenged Environments DOWNLOAD PDF By Tim Erbes DOWNLOAD PDF

Succeeding Together: Q&A With VP of Human Resources As we celebrate Women’s Month, we take this opportunity to recognize the women who are paving the way for future generations— especially in fields where they have been underrepresented. In this special feature, we sit down with Holly Cicconi-Eggleston, Vice President of Human Resources, where she shares valuable advice on advocating for yourself in the workplace, how we can help cultivate the next generation of women, and what Women's Month means to her. Get ready to grab a pen and paper because this Q&A will leave you with great advice and a different perspective you don't want to miss out on! Women often juggle many responsibilities, both in the workplace and personally. What can companies do to better support women in their work-life balance? "I am not a parent, but I have many friends who are parents or single parents. I cannot imagine the challenges they face every day or the difficult decisions that must be made in balancing family and work. While not every woman is a parent, women who choose to be a parent do have additional responsibilities just strictly because of biology. I read a post on LinkedIn several years back that resonated with me. I cannot recall the author’s name, but the topic stuck. While we strive for work-life balance, and as companies try to offer work-life balance, it is still a challenge for many. The author talked about work-life integration instead of work-life balance. In this regard, it identified that all our needs are different. Parents may need to leave early to get kids off the bus or to take the kids to soccer practice. An employee who doesn’t have kids may have an exercise class that is only offered at noon. Another employee may want to take classes that are only offered in the morning. The point was that whether you are a parent or not, our lives and what we fill our days with vary, and the integration of work and personal is more meaningful than just working less hours within the week. While companies must comply with statutory requirements, I think that shifting the mindset to work-life integration will be beneficial to all employees, not just women." What advice would you give to women who are trying to advocate for themselves—whether it's for promotions, equal pay, or leadership roles? "First and foremost, do it! My experience has been that most women are less likely to do this. While there may be many reasons, it is important to advocate for yourself! While I say this, this is also something that I have had to work on throughout my career. Early in my career, I was hesitant at times for various reasons. I thought I’d be seen as aggressive, ungrateful, impatient – all things that I perceived but were not the reality. As I grew in my career and having experiences that helped to shape who I am, I realized that the only person who can control my destiny is … me. While it certainly helps to have managers to support you in your career, you have to put yourself out there and be your loudest cheerleader. Stay true to yourself, always. If you remain authentic, you will not have regrets." What qualities do you believe will define the next generation of women leaders, and how can we help cultivate them? "This is a great question. I’m not sure that there will be different qualities in the next generation, but I do think that each generation is more courageous . When I look back at what was considered the “norm” when I was in high school versus what I see in today’s youth, I see more openness, acceptance, and perhaps advocacy. It is refreshing to see the growth in each generation and my hope is that this continues in a positive direction. We are still experiencing “first’s” which conveys that while progress has been made, there is still work to do. For the next generation of women leaders, we need to collectively support the advancement of women in fields that have been predominantly held by men. We need to nurture girls at an early age who express interest in STEM, as an example. We need to normalize that different styles of leadership and perspective are not only ok, but encouraged. Ultimately, it doesn’t matter what we want to do, the important consideration is to ensure we have mentors to help guide us in the path forward." What does National Women’s Month mean to you, and how do you hope it continues to evolve in the corporate world?   "National Women’s Month is a time to reflect on the past, understand where we are today, and see the road ahead of what still needs to be. My personal belief is that each of us needs to have mentors, and then, when in a position to do so, mentor others. I am fortunate to have had many great mentors in my career – both women and men and have worked diligently to make sure that I give back whenever I can. This helps us to succeed together. In corporate settings, it’s important to highlight accomplishments of the women who came before us – without them, we may not have succeeded. It’s also important to ensure that company practices are inclusive and evolve as the needs of the workforce evolve." Feeling inspired? Explore career opportunities at Safran Federal Systems CAREERS

Orolia recently announced the launch of its Real-Time Performance capability that achieves an ultra-low latency of five milliseconds. The latest advancement from Skydel utilizes software-defined advantages to deliver limit-defying real-time performance. Orolia’s GNSS Simulators Now Support an Ultra-Low Latency of 5ms ROCHESTER, NY, June 17, 2021 Orolia recently announced the launch of its Real-Time Performance capability that achieves an ultra-low latency of five milliseconds. The feature will be standard on all Skydel-powered GNSS simulators. Skydel is the software-defined simulation engine that powers Orolia’s advanced GNSS simulators including its BroadSim (available via Orolia Defense & Security) and GSG product lines. “Skydel is known by users for its intuitive nature and ability to be quickly re-deployed for a variety of projects. Delivering Real-Time Performance with latency as low as five milliseconds further shows that Orolia is a market leader empowering our customers by exceeding their expectations,” said Orolia Defense & Security Director of Engineering Tim Erbes. Skydel’s software-defined architecture, offering unparalleled flexibility and adaptability, is designed to meet the most demanding GNSS simulation testing requirements in the automotive, military, space and other high-tech industries. Skydel also supports Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulations without sacrificing ultra-low latency and high-end performance. The user interface boasts a sophisticated dashboard, where the Real-Time Performance graphs are located. The tool enables users to grade the simulator’s performance, interpret data, diagnose inefficiencies, and optimize scenarios on the fly. In the video tutorial , Orolia demonstrates how the simulation engine processes data and how easy it is to read the graphs through its distinct visualization and precise indications. As the system reaches its limits, it remains stable and fully operational, preserving the integrity of the simulation. Erbes said the Real-Time Performance graphs not only instill confidence in the simulator but allow for better integration in the testbed. “For example, instead of just hoping their hardware-in-the-Loop configuration is working, users can view the real-time data and see that low latency is being maintained,” he added. “This feature provides enhanced visibility not only into the performance of the simulation but also into the reliability of the hardware-in-the-loop integration, resulting in a more robust solution. This is critical when generating complex environments with high dynamics, jamming, spoofing, repeating, and alternative PNT sensors.” About Orolia Orolia is the world leader in Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) solutions that improve the reliability, performance and safety of critical, remote or high-risk operations, even in GPS/GNSS denied environments. With a presence in more than 100 countries, Orolia provides virtually fail-safe GNSS and PNT solutions for military and commercial applications worldwide. www.Orolia.com About Orolia Defense & Security Orolia Defense & Security provides Resilient PNT solutions and custom engineering services to U.S. Government agencies, defense organizations and their contractors. Orolia Defense & Security is authorized to work on the full spectrum of U.S. Government classified and unclassified projects, in addition to supporting strategic partnerships for key defense PNT technologies. www.OroliaDS.com Orolia Defense & Security operates as a proxy-regulated company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Orolia. Contact: Rachael Smith Orolia Defense & Security +1 614-736-3736 VIEW PDF

Orolia Defense & Security has been selected by Raytheon Missiles & Defense to support the US Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS) radar program... Orolia Selected by Raytheon to Support US Missile Defense System ROCHESTER, NY, July 8, 2020 Orolia, the world leader in Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), through its Orolia Government Systems business, has been selected by Raytheon Missiles & Defense to support the US Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS) radar program with its low SWaP (Size, Weight and Power), rugged time and frequency system. Raytheon Missiles & Defense was selected by the United States Army in October 2019 to provide the next-generation LTAMDS, which is an advanced air and missile defense radar. The LTAMDS system will help the U.S. Army defeat advanced threats, including hypersonic weapons. Orolia was chosen for the LTAMDS program based on its core expertise in resilient timing and configurable ruggedized PNT systems for challenging environments, together with its proven track record of successfully delivering time and frequency platforms for other Raytheon Programs of Record. Orolia was the first company to receive approval for a time and frequency reference system on the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) Department of Defense Information Network (DoDIN) Approved Products List for network interoperability, with its flagship SecureSync system. “Ultra-precise mission timing and sync technology are fundamental building blocks for the Resilient PNT systems that warfighters rely on for continuous operations in contested environments,” said Hironori Sasaki, President of Orolia Defense & Security. “We are proud to be a Raytheon Missiles & Defense partner on LTAMDS and other programs that utilize GPS signals for timing, frequency and network synchronization across critical military systems.” From critical timing solutions to GPS/GNSS simulation, interference detection, and mitigation, Orolia is the industry leader in end-to-end NAVWAR and Resilient PNT solutions to protect, augment and strengthen military systems for GPS-denied environments. About Orolia Orolia is the world leader in Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) solutions that improve the reliability, performance and safety of critical, remote or high-risk operations, even in GPS denied environments. With a presence in more than 100 countries, Orolia provides virtually failsafe GPS/GNSS and PNT solutions to support military and commercial applications worldwide. Time and Location You Can Trust™. www.Orolia.com About Orolia Defense & Security Orolia Defense & Security provides Resilient PNT solutions and custom engineering services to U.S. Government agencies, defense organizations, and their contractors. Orolia Defense & Security is authorized to work on the full spectrum of U.S. Government classified and unclassified projects, in addition to supporting strategic partnerships for key defense PNT technologies. For more information about Orolia Defense & Security, visit www.OroliaDS.com . Contact: Rachael Smith 585-250-1545 rachael.smith@oroliaDS.com VIEW PDF